![]() Therefore, characterizing population structure and the rate of gene flow among populations of habitat specialists is crucial for understanding the ecological and evolutionary processes underpinning population dynamics and historical demography, including speciation and extinction (Hartl & Clark, 2007 Lenormand, 2002 McCauley, 1991 Neigel, 1997 Slatkin, 1993). The vulnerability to extinction by isolated populations also occurs because of lack of suitable habitat, environmental pressures (e.g., development, predation, climate change), and/or stochastic perturbations (i.e., survival and reproductive success, habitat variation, genetic drift, catastrophes) (Callaghan, 1997 Fahrig, 2013 Naranjo & Ávila, 2003 Shaffer, 1981 Soulé & Mills, 1998). In addition, patchy habitats often harbor small populations with low genetic diversity, which may reduce the effectiveness of selection and contribute to high rates of local extinction (Charlesworth, 2010 Hartl & Clark, 2007). ![]() Among types of species, habitat specialists are particularly prone to increased levels of population structure as a result of isolation on patchy habitats (Kawecki & Ebert, 2004 Kawecki et al., 2012 Nei, 2013 Orr, 2005). ![]() As populations subdivide through time, variation in the rate of genetic drift and gene flow, as well as selective pressures, will define the genetic diversity, divergence, or extinction of each species (Bowler & Benton, 2005 Frankham, 2005 Hey, 2010 Lenormand, 2002 Ma et al., 2015 Shaffer, 1981 Slatkin, 1987). Establishing how populations are structured is fundamental for understanding evolutionary processes (Hartl & Clark, 2007 Hey & Machaco, 2003 Ma, Ji, & Zhang, 2015 Wright, 1969). ![]()
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